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Item Copysites / duplitectures as tourist attractions: An exploratory study on experiences of Chinese tourists at replicas of foreign architectural landmarks in China(Elservier, 2020) Yousaf, Salman; Fan, XiuchengThis study aims to clarify the position of duplitectures/copysites in the theoretical stream of tourism authenticity. It does so by exploring the meanings assigned by domestic Chinese tourists, based on their socially and culturally held beliefs, while they interact with architectural imitations imported from alien cultures. The primary research method is an emergent qualitative design that involved in-depth interviews of Chinese tourists at the eight copysites considered in this study. The findings reveal three relevant themes. Reconceptualization of authenticity indicates that the concept of imitation has very different connotations in China compared to those in the West. Cultural self-exploration reflects an evolving stage of intercultural maturity manifested by Chinese tourists. Deglobalization has led to cultural homogenization of the tourist spaces in China. The findings fill the lacuna in existing theoretical streams of tourism authenticity by clarifying the position of copysites and has practical implications for domestic tourism marketing organizations in China.Item Cultural tourism policy in developing regions: The case of Sarawak, Malaysia(Elservier, 2020) Haigh, MatthewThere is a need for empirical data that can be used to confirm or disconfirm literature that makes a case for functional linkages between cultural activity, inbound tourism and wider economic activity. This motivates a case-based investigation using Sarawak, a culturally rich state of Malaysia and which is currently trying to diversify and uplift its economy. Using interviews of tourism operators, artists and cultural brokers, visits to art venues and examination of documentary material, the paper identifies Sarawak’s cultural and tourism policies, the ways they have been operationalized, and some of the concrete outcomes. The findings are interpreted by parsing Adorno’s concepts of significance and function into their normative, representational and material di mensions. Tourism planners, it is found, have exoticized and marginalized local communities at the cost of developing a diversified economy. The policy dilemma extends to policy objects. How can artists relocated to urban areas be enabled to be productive on their own terms, and how can faraway communities lend support to their artists? Solutions might be sought, it is argued, using a participatory approach to cultural tourism planning.Item Navigating through the complex transport system: A heuristic approach for city tourism recommendation(Elservier, 2020) Zheng, Weimin; Liao, Zhixue; Lin, ZhibinThe fast development of machine learning and artificial intelligence has led to a great improvement of the smart tourism recommendation system, however many problems associated with the choice of transport modes in city tourism have yet to be solved. This research attempts to address this issue by proposing a model of customized day itineraries with consideration of transport mode choice. With improved particle swarm optimization and differential evolution algorithm, a nondominated sorting heuristic approach was devised. A case study was carried out in Chengdu, China to examine the performance of our approach. The results show that compared with extant methods, our approach achieves better performance. In addition, our approach can create more sensible, multifarious, and customized itineraries than previous methods. Tourism organizations and mobile map app providers could integrate our proposed model into their existing smart service systems, as part of their e-business or digital strategy for enhancing tourist experienceItem Navigating through the complex transport system: A heuristic approach for city tourism recommendation(Elservier, 2020) Zheng, Weimin; Liao, Zhixue; Lin, ZhibinThe fast development of machine learning and artificial intelligence has led to a great improvement of the smart tourism recommendation system, however many problems associated with the choice of transport modes in city tourism have yet to be solved. This research attempts to address this issue by proposing a model of customized day itineraries with consideration of transport mode choice. With improved particle swarm optimization and differential evolution algorithm, a nondominated sorting heuristic approach was devised. A case study was carried out in Chengdu, China to examine the performance of our approach. The results show that compared with extant methods, our approach achieves better performance. In addition, our approach can create more sensible, multifarious, and customized itineraries than previous methods. Tourism organizations and mobile map app providers could integrate our proposed model into their existing smart service systems, as part of their e-business or digital strategy for enhancing tourist experience.Item Tourism as a pathway to livelihood diversification: Evidence from biosphere reserves, Ethiopia(Elservier, 2020) Bires, Zemenu; Raj, SahilThis study aims at investigating the impact of tourism components on livelihood diversification outcomes or assets in Ethiopian biosphere reserves. A cross-sectional study was employed using descriptive and explanatory research design where a mixed research approach was used to collect data from a total of 305 multistage stratified random samples (rural and urban households). To meet the research objectives primary data sources (self-administered questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observations) and secondary data sources were used. The hierarchical regression model was employed using SPSS version 23. The effect of each tourism component had varied effects on each livelihood outcomes and it was in favor of tourism enterprises than rural household’s stratum. Integrated and diversified livelihood approaches should be the focus of policymakers and researchers that shall involve communities in the development process to make tourism as a pathway for live lihood diversification.Item Exploring tourists’ stress and coping strategies in leisure travel(Elservier, 2020) Zhu, Mingfang; Gao, Jie; Zhang, Linan; Jin, ShenglangLeisure travel can mediate daily stress, but also provoke stress. Tourists experience multiple stress during their vacations. The aim of this study was to identify what types of stress tourists encounter during their travel ex periences and what strategies they use to cope with stress. Using semi-structured interviews and participant observation, the study findings reveal that tourists encounter four major types of stress (i.e., service-providerrelated stress, traveler-related stress, travel-partner-related stress, and environment-related stress) during their vacations and use many strategies (i.e., problem-focused and emotion-focused coping) to cope with stress. These findings not only contribute to tourism research by documenting specific types of stress in the travel context and exploring new insights into ways of coping with stress, but also provide suggestions for how tourism and hos pitality professionals should modify programs/experiences in response to tourists’ stress and the need to cope with stress during travel experiences.Item Monitoring tourists’ specialisation and implementing adaptive governance is necessary to avoid failure of the wildlife tourism commons(Elservier, 2020) Mancini, Francesca; Leyshon, Ben; Manson, Fiona; Coghill, George M.; Lusseau, DavidWildlife tourism (WT) is an important economic sector globally, which can sustain national and local economies. These activities have been reconceptualised as consumptive because of their impacts on the wildlife, and the problem of managing WT as a common-pool resource issue. We use an individual-based model to simulate the dynamics of a WT destination in different development phases. We then ask if any of the governance structures commonly proposed to solve common pool resource issues are appropriate to sustainably manage a WT desti nation during its development. The level of specialisation of tourists visiting a destination can influence both the exploitation of the wildlife and the socio-economic success of the industry, and no single governance structure leads to sustainability in every stage of a WT destination lifecycle. Given the dynamics of WT destinations, an adaptive governance framework is crucial to avoid wildlife depletion and economic failure of the industry.Item Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis(Elservier, 2020) Afshardoost, Mona; Eshaghi, Mohammad SadeghThis article aims to understand the relationship between destination image and tourist’s behavioural intention. In this study, we used a meta-analysis to synthesize the effects of destination image from 87 studies. The results reveal that destination image plays significant role in predicting tourist’s intentional behaviour, in different magnitudes. To be more precise, overall and affective images have the greatest impact on behavioural intention, followed by cognitive image. Of the different dimensions of behavioural intentions, destination image has the greatest impact on intention to recommend. Implications are provided for destination management and tourism researchers based on meta-analysis.Item Optimal carrying capacity in rural tourism: Crowding, quality deterioration, and productive inefficiency(E, 2024) Banos-Pino, Jose Francisco; Boto-García, David; Zapico, Emma; Mayor, MatiasThis paper introduces a novel framework for characterizing destination overcrowding in rural tourism using a production approach. We build upon destination life cycle, carrying capacity, and consumer preference theories to characterize optimal levels of overnight stays in the presence of disutility from crowding. Using panel data for rural tourism in Spanish provinces, we model crowding non-linearly as a demand shifter within a service pro- duction function. To deal with plausible endogeneity, we use a control function approach within a Stochastic Frontier regression. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we show there is a non-linear concave rela- tionship between overnight stays and crowding. We calculate optimal carrying capacity levels (turning points) for each province and illustrate which regions are exhibiting negative externalities from overcrowding.Item The paradox of atmosphere: Tourism, heritage, and urban liveability(Elservier, 2023) Paiva, DanielThis paper discusses the paradox of atmosphere in urban tourism and reflects on how atmospheric production can become a tool to improve urban liveability. I draw on atmospheric theory and literature on tourism and atmospheres to describe the link between urban atmospheres and tourism experiences, and I draw on the literature on urban touristification to demonstrate the impacts of tourism activities in urban atmospheres and liveability. I contend that urban atmospheres must be recognized as a form of intangible heritage to ensure that urban liveability is guaranteed in touristified cities. Drawing on the notion of the affective right to the city, I develop the notion of atmospheric justice as a principle for the recognition of atmosphere as heritage.Item Innovation for sustainability through co-creation by small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs): Socio-cultural sustainability benefits to rural destinations(Elservier, 2024) Maziliauske, EvelinaSmall and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs) are the dominant industry players in rural destinations. This study investigates how they can contribute to socio-cultural sustainability benefits of rural destination com munities by engaging in co-creation in innovation for sustainability (IFS). The rural destinations of Vega and Røros were selected as qualitative empirical cases to investigate 14 tourism SMEs’ co-creation in IFS practices. The findings indicate that due to contextual elements of rurality (e.g. local embeddedness, strong personal re lations, and trust), tourism SMEs co-create in IFS with various local stakeholders, and contribute to the sociocultural benefits of rural destinations’ sustainability through local sourcing, education, resource synergies, in clusion, and quality of life. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable rural destination development and the role of tourism SMEs, as well as expands the understanding of IFS and the benefits of co-creation.Item Cultural heritage tourism and urban regeneration: The case of Fez Medina in Morocco(Elservier, 2024) Boussaa, Djamel; Madandola, MuhammedAfter Morocco gained independence in 1956, the country’s historic cities, including Fez, Marrakesh, and Meknes, experienced rapid urban growth, decay, and the destruction of their rich cultural and architectural heritage. The rise in urbanisation, redevelopment projects, and tourism has raised concerns related to the urban gentrification and social sustainability of local communities. In addition, the influx of large-scale foreign investments and the conversion of traditional Moroccan houses into riad hotels have sparked tensions over land use, economic shifts, and the ongoing exploitation of historic cities. This research presents a case study of the world heritage city of Fez in Morocco, where these dynamics are particularly significant, as efforts are made to balance conservation and modern needs. The main question to be addressed is how can the surviving historic centres be regenerated while ensuring social sustainability for their inhabitants? The primary objective of this study is to explore the multifaceted urban regeneration strategies in Fez, focusing on urban planning, conservation efforts, economic revitalisation, and social development. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study draws on desk research, content analysis, fieldwork, observations, and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders. The findings suggest that the previous strategies focused on physical development and riad hotels to boost cultural tourism and tourist accommodation, exacerbating the gentrification and socioeconomic stratification of the local community. This study emphasises the “Ziyarates Fez” project, which provides an innovative approach to rehabilitating and reusing traditional houses for tourism accommodation without displacing local occupants. Furthermore, this project represents a holistic strategy for balancing economic and social sustainability in urban regeneration. This paper contributes to the expanding body of research on sustainable urban regeneration in historic cities. These results are anticipated to benefit academic research and the implementation of regeneration strategies in historic cities in Morocco and worldwide.Item Tourism, pilgrimage and the sacred: At home or away(Elservier, 2024) Graburn, NelsonI have been asked to comment on how I see the development of anthropological research on tourism in the last fifty years or so, from the point of view of its socio-historical contextualization and my personal experiences. I have been very fortunate in my academic career to have been introduced to a large number of the key topics. I have written at some length elsewhere on both my personal path which led me into the subject (Graburn, 2006a, 2006b), on the nature of tourism (Graburn, 1977a, 1977b, chap. 1; 1983a, 2017, chap. 7), the anthropology of tourism (Graburn, 1983a, 1983b; Leite & Graburn, 2008; Graburn & Leite, 2019), and the relation of anthropology to other disciplines and multidisciplinarity in tourism studies (Graburn & Jafari, 1991; Graburn & Gravari-Barbas, 2016). I will therefore only focus at length on the newer topics of my research involvement as being not only contemporary but leading into the future. These topics still focus on the core concerns of our field: what is tourism, what is its relation to pilgrimage and (non-tourist) life itself? If tourism involves departure and return, what is the nature of “away” and “home” in an increasingly interconnected and digitally represented world?Item Analysing the differential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the resilience of the tourism economy: A case study of the ChengduChongqing urban agglomeration in China(Elservier, 2024) Ding, Chenhao; Gao, Xin; Xie, ZhiyangThe outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 had a profound impact on the tourism economy, underscoring the critical importance of assessing and analyzing tourism economic resilience. Traditionally, prior research predominantly focused on constructing evaluation systems based on three dimensions: Risk preparedness capability, Restoration capability, and Reorganization and modernization capacity. In this study, we take an innovative approach by incorporating urban network thinking and establishing a tourism economic network, while introducing the dimension of “The rationality of network structure.” To comprehensively understand the dynamics of tourism economic resilience, we divided the period from 2018 to 2021 into three distinct phases: Stable period, Pre-shock period, and Shock period. This division allowed us to conduct comparative research that highlights the variations in tourism economic resilience across these different time frames. Additionally, we employed advanced methods, such as kernel density estimation and the GTWR model, for empirical analysis of tourism economic resilience within the Chengdu-Chongqing city cluster. The results of our research unveiled that Chengdu and Chongqing both demonstrate a remarkable level of resilience within their tourism economies. However, given their status as the “dual core” of the Chengdu-Chongqing city agglomeration, they are inherently more susceptible to significant fluctuations when confronted with shocks. The spatial pattern of tourism economic resilience is characterized by prominent wings on both sides, a North-South balance, and a central region with vulnerabilities. The predominant evolutionary patterns are marked by multi-level stabilization, moderate growth, and moderate decline. Ziyang is an exceptional region within the broader growth zone, and its reduced risk preparedness capability has led to an overall decline in tourism economic resilience. Furthermore, key influencing factors, including the economy, infrastructure, and ecological environment, exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. In conclusion, our study offers valuable insights into researching tourism economic resilience under external shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings can be instrumental in guiding policymakers as they develop effective strategies to bolster tourism economic resilience.Item Development and validation of the new resident empowerment through Tourism Scale: RETS 2.0(Elservier, 2024) Santos, Edson Redy Moreira dos; Pereira, Luís Nobre; Pinto, Patrícia; Boley, B. BynumThis study developed a new version of the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale - the RETS 2.0 by integrating two new dimensions of empowerment – economic and environmental empowerment – that the original RETS left off. The RETS 2.0 also abbreviates the original RETS to three items per a construct, reducing response burden, and opening up space for measuring different antecedents and outcomes of empowerment. The RETS 2.0 was empirically tested and validated in the small island destinations of Boa Vista and Sal, Cape Verde following Churchill’s (1979) and Rossiter’s (2002) three-stage mix-method scale development approach. After demonstrating convergent validity, nomological validity was demonstrated by all dimensions being significantly correlated with support for tourism. However, in the test of predictive validity, only psychological, economic, and environmental empowerment were found to be significant predictors of support for tourism. The RETS 2.0 is proposed as a holistic and parsimonious five-dimension scale that assesses resident’s empowerment towards sustainable tourism developmentItem Cultural heritage tourism and urban regeneration: The case of Fez Medina in Morocco(The Author(s), 2024) Boussaa, Djamel; Madandola, MuhammedAfter Morocco gained independence in 1956, the country’s historic cities, including Fez, Marrakesh, and Meknes, experienced rapid urban growth, decay, and the destruction of their rich cultural and architectural heritage. The rise in urbanisation, redevelopment projects, and tourism has raised concerns related to the urban gentrification and social sustainability of local communities. In addition, the influx of large-scale foreign investments and the conversion of traditional Moroccan houses into riad hotels have sparked tensions over land use, economic shifts, and the ongoing exploitation of historic cities. This research presents a case study of the world heritage city of Fez in Morocco, where these dynamics are particularly significant, as efforts are made to balance conservation and modern needs. The main question to be addressed is how can the surviving historic centres be regenerated while ensuring social sustainability for their inhabitants? The primary objective of this study is to explore the multifaceted urban regeneration strategies in Fez, focusing on urban planning, conservation efforts, economic revitalisation, and social development. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study draws on desk research, content analysis, fieldwork, observations, and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders. The findings suggest that the previous strategies focused on physical development and riad hotels to boost cultural tourism and tourist accommodation, exacerbating the gentrification and socioeconomic stratification of the local community. This study emphasises the “Ziyarates Fez” project, which provides an innovative approach to rehabilitating and reusing traditional houses for tourism accommodation without displacing local occupants. Furthermore, this project represents a holistic strategy for balancing economic and social sustainability in urban regeneration. This paper contributes to the expanding body of research on sustainable urban regeneration in historic cities. These results are anticipated to benefit academic research and the implementation of regeneration strategies in historic cities in Morocco and worldwide.Item Customer-to-customer co-creation practices in tourism: Lessons from Customer-Dominant logic(Elservier, 2018) Rihova, Ivana; Buhalis, Dimitrios; Gouthro, Mary Beth; Moital, MiguelThis study aims to explore specific customer-to-customer (C2C) co-creation practices and related value outcomes in tourism. The importance of C2C co-creation is first discussed in the context of the ServiceDominant logic, then a new approach to the study of tourists' social practices and related value-outcomes is proposed, drawing on the recently emerged Customer-Dominant logic in marketing. A pragmatic philosophy is adopted to best address the research questions in a purposively selected sample of five UKbased festivals. Qualitative interview- and observation-based methods are adopted to identify 18 C2C cocreation practices, placing these on a continuum of autotelicinstrumental and private-public practices. Four value-outcome categories are discussed: affective, social, functional and network value. The conclusions highlight the importance of value formed when tourists cocreate with each other in tourism settings and the authors identify specific opportunities for facilitating this process. Possible applications for future research are discussed, highlighting the merits of pragmatism.Item Research in tourism sustainability: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis from 1990 to 2022(Heliyon, 2023) Bruyn, Chane de; Said, Foued Ben; Meyer, Natanya; Soliman, MohammadAlthough multiple bibliometric studies have been conducted to analyze publications on various topics within tourism, little attention has been dedicated to systematically analyzing scholarly production on the topic of tourism sustainability. Consequently, this paper aims to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric and systematic review of tourism sustainability. The collected data include 6326 publications retrieved from the Scopus database. The bibliometric technique con sists of two major analyses: one on the domain (levels of analysis) and one on knowledge structures. The results indicated a remarkable evolution of tourism sustainability research involving authors, sources, and publications on this subject. Several associations and nations made significant contributions to this theme. Moreover, science mapping approaches were used to thoroughly grasp tourism sustainability-related research’s social, intellectual, and conceptual structure. By giving in-depth overviews and insights connected to tourism sustainability and its knowledge structures, this review article has various implications for scientific study and practice.Item Spatial differentiation characteristics of regional self-driving tourism flow: A case study of central Yunnan urban agglomeration(Heliyon, 2023) Ji, Xiaofeng; Huang, Haiqin; Chen, Fang; Li, MingjunThe aim of this study was investigate the spatial effects of A-class scenic spots and the spatial distribution of highway networks on the influence of self-driving tour behavioral patterns in China at the urban agglomeration scale, based on big data of road traffic during three holidays. A spatial analysis method and a geographically weighted regression model were used to analyze the spatial distribution differences and influencing factors of self-driving tourism flows in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration. The results showed that holiday self-driving tourism in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration presented a typical core-edge spatial pattern. The mean value of the spatial autocorrelation coefficient was 0.54, indicating significant spatial autocorrelation. The influence of tourism resources and traffic conditions on self-driving tourism flow showed a decreasing trend from the center of the high positive value to the periphery of the main urban area of Kunming. This study reveals the spatial differentiation characteristics of self-driving tourism flows in urban agglomerations and lays a theoretical foundation for understanding flow pattern.Item Dialogue concerning tourism and religion(Elservier, 2024) Apchain, Thomas; MacCannell, DeanThis edited email dialogue between a senior American social scientist, Dean MacCannell, and an early career French anthropologist, Thomas Apchain, began soon after they observed that two of the earliest contributions to tourism studies, MacCannell's and Nelson Graburn's, both claimed tourist phenomena to be underpinned by classical theories of religion. The lack of follow-up on either MacCannell's or Graburn's claim of an analytically heuristic relationship between tourism and religion is traced back to a preexisting schism in the sociology and anthropology of religion between Arnold Van Gennep and Emile Durkheim. MacCannell and Apchain find that this division persists as a fracture in the foundation of the social theory both of tourism research and of the human sciences more generally.