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Item A critical review of the motivational factors for festival attendance based on meta-analysis(Elservier, 2016) Maeng, Hae Yeong; Jang, Hyeong Yu; Michelle Li, JinxiThe primary purpose of this study was to trace the origin of major motivational factors for festival attendance used in previous studies. In addition, the study showed that these motivational factors are not suitable for use in festival planning or design, thereby highlighting the need for brand-newmotivational factors for festival attendance to be developed in the future. A meta-analysis of 46 research articles was conducted and 70 motivational factors for festival attendance were extracted. These factors were divided into the following five categories: socialization, escape, excitement, learning, and shopping. However, since these motivators were taken from studies related to motivators for tourism, the authors argue that they are not suitable to be used in regards to festival attendance. The main contribution of this study is to provide clear-cut evidence of the need to conduct future students that focus exclusively on motivations for festival attendance.Item A model of community-based festival image(Elservier, 2010) Huang, Joy Zhuowei; Li, Mimi; Cai, Liping A.This study initiates an original inquiry into the image of community-based festivals (CBFs). A CBF image model was proposed and empirically tested based on existing destination image models. Four image constructs were identified as Attributes, Family and Friendliness, Affective Association, and Overall Evaluation. The interrelationships among these constructs were tested by structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that Attributes affects Family and Friendliness and Affective Association, which in turn, affects Overall Evaluation. This study also included visitor loyalty in the understanding of CBF image. It was found that repeat visitors had more favorable perceptions of the CBF than did first-time visitors. Significant perceptual differences were found in Family and Friendliness, Affective Association, and Overall Evaluation between the two groups of festival goers. In addition, it was revealed that loyalty exerted significantly negative interaction effects on the relationship between Attributes and Family and Friendliness, as well as the linkage between Family and Friendliness and Overall Evaluation. In addition, this study illustrated the importance of the support of local residents for CBFs. CBF planners and local tourism organizations would benefit from this study in terms of cultivating visitor loyalty to these festivals and building the destination’s brand.Item A multimodal discourse analysis of select tourism video commercials of incredible India campaign(2015) Poonia, Arun Kumar; Chauhan, Gajendra SinghThe view of exotic ‘destinations’, historical monuments, locals/natives, etc., with suitably soothing background music is the hallmark of Tourism Video Commercials (TVCs). These TVCs serve to assist the prospective tourists in forming a ‘pre visit’ mental image of a destination, but are seldom researched. The present paper attempts a multimodal discourse analysis of two TVCs of “Incredible India” campaign launched in 2004 and 2013, integrating various tools from Destination Image Research Framework, Video Content Analysis and Film Analysis methodology. The repositioning of brand India is aimed by changing the ‘Overt Induced’ destination image, which is achieved with different film making and editing techniques. But there are some common elements too despite the focus shifting from the destination to the tourist. The shift also showcases India as a safe tourist destination for female tourists.Item Analyzing the effects of an urban food festival: A place theory approach(Elservier, 2019) Lau, Chammy; Li, YipingExisting literature of festival tourism emphasises on heritage festival in rural place and seldom addresses the effect of urban festival as a potent force that contributes to place making. This study examines the missing conceptual link between urban festival and notions of place from a place theory approach. In-depth interviews with urban food-themed festival goers were conducted to understand their perceived meanings of the festival and place connotation. The results disclose three dimensions of meanings: festival as place, festival as locale and festival as imaginary identity. The study confirms that urban festival enriches a unique sense of place, whilst its intrinsic value to manipulate the competing ideologies of a place should not be slighted.Item Analyzing the effects of an urban food festival: A place theory approach(Elservier, 2019) Laua, Chammy; Li, YipingExisting literature of festival tourism emphasises on heritage festival in rural place and seldom addresses the effect of urban festival as a potent force that contributes to place making. This study examines the missing conceptual link between urban festival and notions of place from a place theory approach. In-depth interviews with urban food-themed festival goers were conducted to understand their perceived meanings of the festival and place connotation. The results disclose three dimensions of meanings: festival as place, festival as locale and festival as imaginary identity. The study confirms that urban festival enriches a unique sense of place, whilst its intrinsic value to manipulate the competing ideologies of a place should not be slighted.Item Banding together in a festival context: Examining effects of a joint-stakeholder external service recovery(Elservier, 2021) Weber, Karin; H.C. Hsu, CathyDespite substantial growth in revenue and attendance numbers on a global and country level over the past decades, failure is still a fairly common phenomenon in the events/festival industry. Drawing on two scenario studies and data collected in the United States, this research investigated the impact on festival-goers’ evalua tions and behavior of joint-stakeholder external service recoveries, in contrast to the prevalent focus on exam ining service recoveries by a single stakeholder that caused the failure. Findings revealed that festival-goers had different perceptions of and behavioral intentions towards the various stakeholders depending on their perception of fault for the failure. Yet, rather than a predicted joint effect with failure severity, we found a significant interaction effect of the locus of causality with service recovery measures, either via an internal or external recovery. Implications of study findings and directions for future research are discussed.Item Behavioral intention of visitors to an Oriental medicine festival: An extended model of goal directed behavior(Elservier, 2014) Song, HakJun; You, Geun-Jun; Reisinger, Yvette; Lee, Choong-Ki; Lee, Seung-KonDespite the importance of Oriental medicine festivals to Oriental medical tourism, little research has been conducted to understand the behavioral intention of visitors to these festivals. Therefore, this study examines the behavioral intention of visitors to a Korean Oriental medicine festival. This study employs the extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB) that incorporates two constructs related to Oriental medicine festivals: the Oriental medicine image of festival site (image) and the perception of Oriental medicine (perception). An on-site survey was conducted with 423 visitors attending the Sancheong Herbal Festival in South Korea. Results reveal that attitude, subjective norm, and positive anticipated emotion influenced visitors’ desire to attend the festival, which, in turn, influenced their behavioral intentions. Two constructs of image and perception formed positive and significant relationships with attitude toward attending the festival. Practical implications of the study results are discussed.Item Chapter 4: Conceptualizing festival-based culinary tourism in rural destinations(Routledge, 2008) Kalkstein-Silkes, Carol; A. Cai, Liping; Y. Lehto, XinranDestination branding is a powerful marketing resource used to differentiate one location from another ( Cai, 2002 ; Kotler and Gertner, 2002 ). Successful destination branding must incorporate various elements of a destination to portray a unique and positive image to attract tourists. Festivals staged in rural areas can utilize a destination branding strategy to differentiate their location. Festivals often include food and food related elements as unique regional celebration of culture. Cultural significance combined with food at festivals and implemented as a branding strategy will form a powerful emotional connection with a destination. Experiencing food and food related elements at a destination can be defined as culinary tourism. It is known that the sharing of food also elicits an emotional response and a sense of an identity with place ( Visser, 1991 ; Bessiere, 2001 ; Long, 2004 ). The use of food and food related elements in destination branding materials will not only evoke a positive response to a destination, but also invoke an emotional identification with the food image affirming a positive response to a destination.Item Co-creation experience and place attachment: Festival evaluation(Elservier, 2019) Zhanga, Carol Xiaoyue; Fong, Lawrence Hoc Nang; Li, ShiNaAdopting customer-to-customer value co-creation logic, this study explored the underlying dimensions of the cocreation experience and its effects on the behavioral intention to attend festivals. The analysis focused on the role of place attachment and festival satisfaction as mediators in the relationship between festival visitors’ satisfaction with the co-creation experience and their behavioral intention to attend the festival. Drawing on 444 survey responses, our findings support the mediation roles of place dependence and festival satisfaction. The findings did not vary between tourists and residents. This suggests that facilitating shared consumption of festivals motivates festival attendees to re-patronize specific festivals. Based on these findings, both theoretical and practical implications of this analysis are discussed.Item Co-performing tourism places: The ‘‘Pink Night’’ festival(Elservier, 2014) Giovanardi, Massimo; Lucarelli, Andrea; L’Espoir Decosta, PatrickThis paper adopts an ecological perspective to analyze the practices and processes inherent in encounters between residents and tourists. The study contributes to the literature on performance and performativity, seen as a novel theoretical approach in tourism studies, by proposing the concept of performative field, which enables a holistic and ecological consideration of the performances and relationships in tourism. This is in contrast with the binary logic emerging from the available studies, where confrontation between ‘‘hosts’’ and ‘‘guests’’ as two well-distinguished performative forces appears to be the norm. The study draws on non-representational theories and illustrates its arguments through an investigation of the ‘‘Pink Night’’ (La Notte Rosa), an annual festival staged along the Romagna coastal region – a most renowned Italian mass-tourism destination.Item Comprehensive evaluation of the cultural inheritance level of tourism-oriented traditional villages: The example of Beijing(Elservier, 2023) Tang, Chengcai; Yang, Yuanyuan; Liu, Yaru; Xiao, XiaoyueMany traditional villages promote cultural inheritance by developing tourism, and thus develop into tourismoriented traditional villages (TOTVs). The key to their sustainable development lies in balancing cultural in heritance and tourism development. Based on memory theory, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation system to measure the cultural inheritance level (CIL). Moreover, taking 16 typical TOTVs in Beijing, China as examples, we evaluated their CIL by using the hierarchical-entropy weight model and the weighted TOPSIS model. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation method of CIL of TOTVs constructed in this paper has strong applicability. The comprehensive CIL values in the case villages vary considerably, and the scores of three dimensions show typical characteristics of great differentiation and imbalance. In addition, we summarized four paths for improving the CIL. This study will help promote the scientific inheritance and utilization of TOTVs, as well as their sustainable development, and will help realize rural revitalization.Item Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry-The Role of Social Media Platforms(2019) Antony, Jose K; Jacob, Joel MThe tourism industry is highly susceptible to various forms of risks operating in the industry that occur and go unattended over a period of time. Social media could be effectively used to address the risks. Studies, however, on social media and its role in crisis management are few in spite of a consistent e mphasis on the importance of social media in the tourism industry, specifically, its role in crisis management. This paper provides a review of the current state of affairs and provides a framework to involve social media research in crisis management in tourism.Item Dark tourism, abjection and blood: A festival context(Elservier, 2018) Podoshen, Jeffrey S.; Yan, Grace; Andrzejewski, Susan A.; Wallin, JasonDark tourism and its implications have been gaining significant prominence in both the literature and in practice in the recent past. Understanding the process and outcomes of dark tourism related to tourists and local hosts can play a key role in relations between the two groups of people. This paper, utilizing long-form interview data and content analysis, examines the psychological processes of some global Jewish citizens in relation to tourism activity and local hosts surrounding historic Holocaust sites located in Eastern and Central Europe. These attribution-oriented processes, which include the group attribution error, the perseverance effect and the role of atypical information generate novel insights into socialpsychological activity nested in dark tourism. Our research yields significant implications on collective memory and narrative, representation, authenticity and ownership within the context of dark tourism.Item DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ACROSS TOURIST LIFECYCLE PHASES - AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF TOURIST MOTIVES(2016) Joseph, Ansted Iype; Kumar, S. Victor AnandSocial media has now emerged as an essential tool for tourists looking to not just plan their next vacation but also to use it during their vacation and beyond. This paper has brought to the fore, the motives behind the use of social media as a tool by tourists during the three phases of the tourist lifecycle; Pre-trip, In-Trip and Post-trip. From the primary data collected from domestic and international tourists, the motives that influenced their use of social media across the lifecycle phases have been identified using factor analysis and the relative importance of these factors have been analysed. Knowledge and understanding of these factors will enable destination marketing organizations and other tourism providers to utilize social media as a marketing tool to influence the tourists’ travel planning.Item Determining Visitor Engagement through Augmented Reality at Science Festivals: An Experience Economy Perspective(Elservier, 2017) Dieck, Claudia tomAugmented reality (AR) has been increasingly implemented to enhance visitor experiences, and tourism research has long understood the importance of creating memorable experiences, leading to the research era of experience economy. Although technology-enhanced visitor engagement is crucial for science festivals, research focusing on visitor engagement through AR using the experience economy perspective is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine how the educational, esthetics, escapist and entertainment experience using AR affect visitor satisfaction and memorable experience, and eventually, lead to visitor engagement with science experiences in the context of science festivals. A total of 220 data inputs were collected as part of the European City of Science festivities and Manchester Science Festival 2016 and analyzed using structural equation modelling. Findings show that the four realms of experience economy influence satisfaction and memory and, ultimately, the intention for visitor engagement with science research at science festivals. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are presented and discussed.Item Determining Visitor Engagement through Augmented Reality at Science Festivals: An Experience Economy Perspective(Elservier, 2017) Dieck, Claudia tom; Jung, Timothy; Rauschnabel, Philipp A.ugmented reality (AR) has been increasingly implemented to enhance visitor experiences, and tourism research has long understood the importance of creating memorable experiences, leadingto the research era of experience economy. Although technology-enhanced visitor engagement iscrucial for science festivals, research focusing on visitor engagement through AR using theexperience economy perspective is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine how theeducational, esthetics, escapist and entertainment experience using AR affect visitor satisfactionand memorable experience, and eventually, lead to visitor engagement with science experiencesin the context of science festivals. A total of 220 data inputs were collected as part of the EuropeanCity of Science festivities and Manchester Science Festival 2016 and analyzed using structuralequation modelling. Findings show that the four realms of experience economy influencesatisfaction and memory and, ultimately, the intention for visitor engagement with science researchat science festivals. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are presented and18 discussed.Item Entrepreneurial implications, prospects and dilemmas in rural festivals(Elservier, 2017) Hjalager, Anne-Mette; Kwiatkowski, GrzegorzFestivals play an important role in rural communities, and they are typically embedded in the local ecosystems of sports, culture, business and other types of associations, where they might deliver elements of coherence, commitment and meaning, as well as occasional economic benefits. This study aims to showcase the business entrepreneurship aspect of festivals in Danish rural areas, and it is based on primary data from 315 festivals. Special emphasis is placed on the nature, prevalence and importance of business activities at such festivals and on the opportunities for entrepreneurs to utilize festivals as a means of business development in relation to sales, marketing, product testing, and customer feedback. On the one hand, the results show that very few of the surveyed festivals are entirely commercial and that commercial objectives are, due to ideological and relational reasons, generally low-ranked by organizers. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that local businesses actually participate in rural festivals' ecosystems and that there are numerous mutual interactions among local businesses, festival organizers and residents that together create an excellent means for driving entrepreneurial activity. It is a delicate undertaking to strengthen partnerships with entrepreneurs without compromising community objectives. Several potential courses of action are proposed.Item Evaluating sustainability of cultural festival tourism: From the perspective of ecological niche(Elservier, 2021) Zou, Yongguang; Meng, Fang; Bi, Jian; Zhang, QingCultural festivals symbolize cultural identities and serve as a carrier of national emotions. Evaluating the sustainability of cultural festivals tourism has long presented challenges for festival organizers and attendees. Based on the ecological niche theory, this paper presents a theoretical framework including the environment, resources, demands, and spatiotemporal niches to establish an evaluation system to analyze the sustainability of cultural festival tourism. Using an analytic hierarchy process, the sustainability of the Lantern Festival in 34 regions of China was empirically assessed. Results indicate that the environmental niche has the greatest impact on the sustainability of cultural festival tourism, and local government support plays a key role in sustainable festival development. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the results.Item Evaluating the efficiency of Korean festival tourism and its determinants on efficiency change: Parametric and non-parametric approaches(Elservier, 2021) Choi, Kanghwa; Kang, Hee Jay; Kim, ChangheeLocal festivals may leverage local specialties and various historical, cultural, and artistic resources throughout their respective regions to attract tourists, inducing positive economic impacts. In this study, this paper is a firstbattempt to analyze the relative efficiency of local festival tourism by using parametric and non-parametric approaches with the data from local festivals held in Korea from 2015 to 2018. We also deal with the efficiency determinants of each typology of festivals by employing a truncated regression with double bootstrapping. Results showed that the leading sources of inefficiency were primarily embedded in pure technology inefficiency, while the principal operational drivers posed different effects depending on the typology of festivals. These insights have important practical implications for the local festival organizing committees and operators in Korea and are helpful in developing tailored operational strategies to maximize the efficiency among different typologies of festivals.Item Evaluating the efficiency of Korean festival tourism and its determinants on efficiency change: Parametric and non-parametric approaches(Elservier, 2021) Choi, Kanghwa; Kang, Hee Jay; Kim, ChangheeLocal festivals may leverage local specialties and various historical, cultural, and artistic resources throughout their respective regions to attract tourists, inducing positive economic impacts. In this study, this paper is a first attempt to analyze the relative efficiency of local festival tourism by using parametric and non-parametric approaches with the data from local festivals held in Korea from 2015 to 2018. We also deal with the efficiency determinants of each typology of festivals by employing a truncated regression with double bootstrapping. Results showed that the leading sources of inefficiency were primarily embedded in pure technology inefficiency, while the principal operational drivers posed different effects depending on the typology of festivals. These insights have important practical implications for the local festival organizing committees and operators in Korea and are helpful in developing tailored operational strategies to maximize the efficiency among different typologies of festivals.