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Item PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ON-SITETREATMENT FACILITIES FOR WASTEWATER FROM HOUSEHOLDS, HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS(Pergamon, 1999) Nakajima, Jun; Fujimura, Yoko; Inamori, YuheiIn order to evaluate performance of on-site treatment facilities which can be provided for environment protection in coastal areas, effluent qualities and removal efficiencies were surveyed in actual treatment facilities for wastewater from households, hotels and restaurants. On-site treatment facilities in Japan are fundamentally built according to the structural standards. They have a pretreatment process (sedimentation separation tank, anaerobic filter or equalization tank with screens) followed by an aerobic process (contact aeration, activated sludge. etc.). Small-scale facilities for individual household wastewater showed good performance ofBOD removal with their effluent BOD below 20mg rl. They also exhibited nitrogen removal efficiency when they were operated in mixed liquor recycle mode. The facilities applied to wastewater from hotels, restaurants and stores showed good performance when the influent oil (hexane extracts) concentration had been decreased below 30mg r l by using pretreatment. Nitrogen removal performance was high in the facilities which treated ~astewater from a residential area or a condominium when they were operated in intermittent aeration mode. But resort condominiums of which influent BOD load was extremely low showed low performance of nitrogen removal even though they were operated in intermittent aeration mode because of the low BODIN ratio in the influent. An equation was proposed to estimate the amount of methanol to be added in facilities in which the influent BODIN ratio is low.Item Hotels and restaurants—are the risks rewarded? Evidence from Norway(Elservier, 2003) Skalpe, OleThe purpose of this paper is to apply accounting-based risk measures to describe and compare the risk involved in accommodation and restaurants to three other industries. It is found that the variation in earnings is particularly high in construction, but also significant in accommodation and restaurants. The volatility in construction is caused by variance in sales. Construction companies experience low profits when the economy is depressed, while earnings boom when the economy progresses. On the other hand, earnings in retail are stable. It appears that retailing provides low risk and steady profits. The sales variance in accommodation and restaurants is fairly low. The high variability in earnings is mainly caused by operational and financial leverage. Despite the high total risk, hotels and restaurants earn less profit than the other industries examined. Apparently, the market does not reward self-inflicted risk induced by high leverage. Perhaps Norwegian accommodation providers and restaurant keepers have concerns other than maximising profit and minimising risk, and owners’ lifestyles are reflected in the financial accounts. An alternative explanation might be that the accommodation/catering sector has had unrealistic expectations in the period covered by the researchItem Competency needs among managers from Spanish hotels and restaurants and their training demands(Elservier, 2003) Aguta, S.; Graub, R.; Peir, J.M.This study aims to: (1) identify managerial competency needs in the Spanish hospitality industry, (2) to differentiate present and future training demands requested by managers, and (3) to identify the relationship between managerial competency needs and training demands. The sample was made up of 80 Spanish hotel and restaurant managers. Results show technical managerial competency needs mainly in computing, languages, and economic–financial management. Generic managerial competency needs appear mostly in job performance efficacy and self-control and social relationships. All training demands refer to technical issues, while none refer to generic managerial competencies. Moreover, these competency needs do not lead managers to demand training in order to meet them. Implications and limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.Item Managers’ perceptions of older workers in the hotel and restaurant industry(Elservier, 2005) Furunes, Trude; J. Mykletun, ReidarThe purpose of the study was to investigate how managers direct issues of an aging workforce, and whether this has implications for the hospitality industry. Further, managers’ experiences with managing age-mixed workforces are outlined. Implications of an aging workforce for the hospitality industry are also discussed. Qualitative data were gathered from 20 hospitality managers in Norwegian hotels and restaurants through employing interviews. A three-step analysis indicates that in organizations employing an age-mixed workforce, managers have more positive than negative experiences with balancing the workforce with younger and older workers. No age barriers were found in recruitment, but few managers plan to actively recruit older workers. Training programmes are not designed specially for older workers. Flexible working practices are difficult to organize in hospitality jobs. There are positive outcomes of creating age-balanced workforces in the hospitality industry, because younger and older workers complement each other. No overt negative attitudes towards seniors were expressed, and older managers seemed to be more positive towards older workers. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item The relationship between brand equity and firms’performance in luxury hotels and chain restaurants(Elservier, 2005) Kim, Hong-bumm; Gon Kim, WooThere is a growing emphasis on building and managing brand equity as the primary drivers of a hospitality firm’s success. Success in brand management results from understanding brand equity correctly and managing them to produce solid financial performance. This study examines the underlying dimensions of brand equity and how they affect firms’performance in the hospitality industry—in particular, luxury hotels and chain restaurants. The results of this empirical study indicate that brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand image are important components of customer-based brand equity. A positive relationship was found to exist between the components of customer-based brand equity and the firms’performance in luxury hotels and chain restaurants. A somewhat different scenario was delineated from the relationship between the components of customer-based brand equity and firms’performance in luxury hotels and chain restaurants.Item Minimum wages and employment in Swedish hotels and restaurants(Elservier, 2006) Skedinger, PerThis paper considers the effects of union-bargained minimum wages on transitions into and out of employment in the hotels and catering industry over the period 1979–99. This industry is characterised by a high fraction of unskilled labour input, high worker turnover and binding minimum wages. The empirical approach identifies workers affected by real minimum wage increases and decreases, respectively. Job separations and accessions for the treatment groups are then contrasted to the outcomes for control groups, with wages marginally above those of the treatment groups. Unlike previous studies, this paper also considers same-period transitions for same-wage workers who are unaffected by minimum wage changes. This procedure should help to control for unobserved differences between high- and low-wage workers and is made possible by the diversified minimum wage structure of the industry. According to the results, job separations tend to increase with rising minimum wages (except for teenagers during 1993–98). The evidence regarding accessions is less conclusive.Item Volunteering personal information on the internet: Effects of reputation, privacy notices, and rewards on online consumer behavior(Springer link, 2006) Xie, En; Hai Teo, Hock; Wan, Wenccurate personal information provision is one of the most important determi- nants of the commercial development of the Web. However, consumers are usually reluctant to provide personal information or tend to provide false information online because of their concern about privacy violation risks. We employ a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design to ex- amine the effects of reputation, privacy notices, and rewards on online consumer behavior in volunteering two types of personal information on the Internet: demographic information and personally identifiable information. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.Item Segmenting tourists to aboriginal cultural festivals: An example in the Rukai tribal area, Taiwan(Elservier, 2006) Chang, JanetFestivals are increasingly being used as instruments for promoting tourism and boosting the regional economy. Festivals are a type of cultural events and are travel attractions with unique features. Much research, undertaken from a variety of perspectives, exists on festivals. However, very few studies related to aboriginal cultures have been published. The main objective of this study is to profile tourists based upon their motives and demographic characteristics, as these traits are associated with attraction to aboriginal cultural festivals and other related activities. The research reveals that cultural exploration, among other motivational dimensions, is the most important factor attracting tourists to the aboriginal cultural festival. In addition, not all tourists have the same degree of interest in the festival cultural experience. Furthermore, motivational variables are found to be more important than demographic variables in explaining and segmenting visitors to an aboriginal festival.Item Is the Turkish tourism industry ready for a disabled customer’s market? The views of hotel and travel agency managers(Elservier, 2008) Ozturk, Yuksel; Yayli, Ali; Yesiltas, MehmetThe purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the Turkish tourism industry to meet the needs of disabled people by surveying the views of hotel and travel agency managers in Turkey. To achieve the aim of the study, a questionnaire-type survey was conducted; a total of 252 hotels and 168 travel agencies took part. These questionnaires were sent to managers of hotels and travel agencies by electronic mail. Following completion, the data were statistically evaluated using frequencies, percentages, arithmetic averages and t-tests. As a result of this analysis, a number of conclusions were drawn. First, although this market is new for the Turkish tourism industry, managers of hotel and travel agency sub-sectors are willing to take part in this market. Second, even though the Turkish tourism industry has a number of weaknesses in some areas, the industry will be able to cater for the customers of this market if some improvements are made. On the basis of the findings, a number of recommendations have been made that may be helpful for improving the conditions in the Turkish tourism industry for disabled customers.Item Chapter 4: Conceptualizing festival-based culinary tourism in rural destinations(Routledge, 2008) Kalkstein-Silkes, Carol; A. Cai, Liping; Y. Lehto, XinranDestination branding is a powerful marketing resource used to differentiate one location from another ( Cai, 2002 ; Kotler and Gertner, 2002 ). Successful destination branding must incorporate various elements of a destination to portray a unique and positive image to attract tourists. Festivals staged in rural areas can utilize a destination branding strategy to differentiate their location. Festivals often include food and food related elements as unique regional celebration of culture. Cultural significance combined with food at festivals and implemented as a branding strategy will form a powerful emotional connection with a destination. Experiencing food and food related elements at a destination can be defined as culinary tourism. It is known that the sharing of food also elicits an emotional response and a sense of an identity with place ( Visser, 1991 ; Bessiere, 2001 ; Long, 2004 ). The use of food and food related elements in destination branding materials will not only evoke a positive response to a destination, but also invoke an emotional identification with the food image affirming a positive response to a destination.Item Corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction among US publicly traded hotels and restaurants(Elservier, 2009) Lee, Seoki; Heo, Cindy YoonjoungThis study, by performing a path regression analysis, examines a mediating effect of customer satisfaction between corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and firm value for US hotels and restaurants. Further, the study differentiates positive and negative CSR activities in the analysis. Findings suggest that the customer satisfaction does not play a role of amediator between the two factors for both hotels and restaurants.Item Tourism as a mixed industry: Differences between private, public and not-for-profit festivals(Elservier, 2009) D. Andersson, Tommy; Getz, DonaldThis paper discusses important policy and management implications of tourism as a mixed industry in which public, not-for-profit, and private organisations such as festivals both compete and collaborate in creating the tourist product. To illustrate, four samples of festivals from the UK, Australia, Norway and Sweden are systematically compared in terms of their ownership, governance, structure, and content. Although the festivals offered a similar product and had similar mandates, they differed considerably in terms of revenue sources, cost structure, use of volunteers, corporate sponsorship, and decision-making. These differences are potentially important to destinations that view festivals as attractions and use them in place marketing. Implications are drawn for festival management and tourism policy, and recommendations are made for extending this line of inquiry to the tourism industry as a whole.Item Effect of experiential value on customer satisfaction with service encounters in luxury-hotel restaurants(Elservier, 2009) Hsi-Jui Wua, Cedric; Liang, Rong-DaExactly how the restaurant industry creates good quality service experiences has attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners. Some scholars advocate creating high quality service encounters to enhance customer satisfaction. However, recent research has not examined hotel restaurant service, and a detailed understanding of its potential effects on the customer meal experience and customer satisfaction is needed. Consequently, this study of service encounters and restaurant consumer behavior constructed a comprehensive framework via a literature review. Empirical data were collected by a questionnaire distributed to luxury-hotel restaurant customers. The empirical results indicated that restaurant environmental factors and interactions with service employees and other consumers positively influence the consumer experiential value. Additionally, only interactive relationships with service employees directly and positively affect consumer satisfaction. Restaurant environment factors and interactions with other consumers indirectly and positively influence consumer satisfaction through experiential value. Finally, with respect to marketing and development initiatives, the results of this study can help improve the physical attractiveness of the examined luxury-hotel restaurants.Item A model of community-based festival image(Elservier, 2010) Huang, Joy Zhuowei; Li, Mimi; Cai, Liping A.This study initiates an original inquiry into the image of community-based festivals (CBFs). A CBF image model was proposed and empirically tested based on existing destination image models. Four image constructs were identified as Attributes, Family and Friendliness, Affective Association, and Overall Evaluation. The interrelationships among these constructs were tested by structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that Attributes affects Family and Friendliness and Affective Association, which in turn, affects Overall Evaluation. This study also included visitor loyalty in the understanding of CBF image. It was found that repeat visitors had more favorable perceptions of the CBF than did first-time visitors. Significant perceptual differences were found in Family and Friendliness, Affective Association, and Overall Evaluation between the two groups of festival goers. In addition, it was revealed that loyalty exerted significantly negative interaction effects on the relationship between Attributes and Family and Friendliness, as well as the linkage between Family and Friendliness and Overall Evaluation. In addition, this study illustrated the importance of the support of local residents for CBFs. CBF planners and local tourism organizations would benefit from this study in terms of cultivating visitor loyalty to these festivals and building the destination’s brand.Item The relationships between food-related personality traits, satisfaction, and loyalty among visitors attending food events and festivals(Elservier, 2010) Gug Kim, Yeong; Won Suh, Bo; Eves, AnitaThis study applies the concept of food-related personality traits to hospitality and tourism and identifies relationships between personality, satisfaction, and loyalty. An on-site survey was carried out with 335 visitors attending the Gwangju Kimchi (local food) Festival in South Korea between 15th and 19th of October, 2008. The relationships between 4 latent constructs (food neophobia, food involvement satisfaction, and loyalty) and 16 indicators were measured using structural equation modelling. The findings showed that food neophobia had a negative effect on satisfaction and loyalty, food involvement had a positive relationship with loyalty, and satisfaction and loyalty showed a significant positive relationship.Item A model of community-based festival image(Elservier, 2010) Huang, Joy Zhuowei; Li, Mimi; Cai, Liping A.This study initiates an original inquiry into the image of community-based festivals (CBFs). A CBF image model was proposed and empirically tested based on existing destination image models. Four image constructs were identified as Attributes, Family and Friendliness, Affective Association, and Overall Evaluation. The interrelationships among these constructs were tested by structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that Attributes affects Family and Friendliness and Affective Association, which in turn, affects Overall Evaluation. This study also included visitor loyalty in the understanding of CBF image. It was found that repeat visitors had more favorable perceptions of the CBF than did first-time visitors. Significant perceptual differences were found in Family and Friendliness, Affective Association, and Overall Evaluation between the two groups of festival goers. In addition, it was revealed that loyalty exerted significantly negative interaction effects on the relationship between Attributes and Family and Friendliness, as well as the linkage between Family and Friendliness and Overall Evaluation. In addition, this study illustrated the importance of the support of local residents for CBFs. CBF planners and local tourism organizations would benefit from this study in terms of cultivating visitor loyalty to these festivals and building the destination’s brand.Item Estimating the impact of entertainment on the restaurant revenues of a Las Vegas hotel casino: An exploratory study(Elservier, 2010) Suh, Eunju; J. West, JosephConsidering the growing presence of non-gaming amenities in a mature casino market such as the Las Vegas Strip, this study examined the indirect contribution of showroom entertainment to casinooperated restaurant business volumes. Using the internal data of a Las Vegas hotel casino, this research found a statistically significant and positive relationship between daily showroom headcounts and food and beverage revenues. For each additional show attendee, daily food and beverage revenue increased $6.96. This finding suggests that casino executives should consider leveraging show traffic with additional revenue-enhancing venues such as restaurants.Item The role of family decision makers in festival tourism(Elservier, 2010) Seongseop Kim, Samuel; Choi, Sangsoo; Agrusa, Jerome; Wangd, Kuo-Ching; Kim, YoungmiThis study assessed the role of family decision makers in participating in a festival according to five stages of festival participation. A survey process was conducted using two sampling groups: the sample for families with children and the sample for families without children. According to the results of the study, a number of marketing implications were generated. For example, the husband was revealed to more actively join transportation-related activities including driving, deciding travel routes, automobile safety checks, and filling up with gasoline. The wife was a strong decision maker in selecting restaurants or menus in the festival tourism management process. Likewise, the role of the wife is very significant, from suggesting the festival participation at the first stage to determining a revisit to the festival at the last stage. However, the children or joint decision-making patterns were not distinctive as they are said to be in other tourism literature. Findings of the study are expected to offer valuable insights for all festival stakeholders including festival vendors, local government, local residents, and festival organizers.Item Constructionism and culture in research: Understandings of the fourth Buddhist Festival, Wutaishan, China(Elservier, 2010) Ryan, Chris; Gu, HuiminThis paper offers an interpretation of competing legitimacies at the 2007 4th Annual Wutaishan Buddhist Festival in Taihua, Shanxi Province. It suggests how spectacle, entertainment and performance spaces are condoned arenas of challenge and usage by mainstream and peripheral groups. The paper also discusses the methods employed in the framing and nature of interpretation, and possesses its own tension as the different cultural perspectives and voices are heeded. It concludes that the festival exists as a multilayered event involving economics, politics, faith, entertainment and prestige – each of which creates its own set of interpretations contextualised in the evolving state of Chinese tourism. The paper is partially a response to the work of Hollinshead, Phillimore & Goodson and O’Dell that claim a need for a more reflexive voice in the tourism literature as a means of understanding the tourist experience. Its premises are based on thinking derived from multiple sources including symbolic interaction and Buddhist thought.Item Normative and innovative sustainable resource management at birding festivals(Elservier, 2010) Lawton, Laura Jane; Weaver, David BruceThe sustainable ancillary resource management (SARM) practices of US-based birding festivals are investigated. A questionnaire completed by organisers of 108 of 135 identified festivals (80%) revealed several normative SARM practices such as signage re-use and container recycling, and a large number of innovative practices undertaken by one or more festivals. Cluster analysis yielded roughly equal groups of ’non-innovators’, ’normative recyclers’, ’innovative energy conservers’, ’innovative recyclers’ and ’comprehensive innovators’. SARM innovators also tended to be ecotourism innovators, while innovation was also related to attendee numbers but not festival longevity or identification of festival with ’ecotourism’. No clear diffusion effects are evident. Follow-up surveys suggested positive relationships with cost, attendee satisfaction/demand, and sense of responsibility, but not revenue generation. A dedicated organisation and sponsored certification protocols are suggested to facilitate dissemination of innovative SARM practices, which were less prevalent than expected given the nature of such events.