| dc.description.abstract | This paper discusses important policy and management implications of tourism as a mixed industry in
which public, not-for-profit, and private organisations such as festivals both compete and collaborate in
creating the tourist product. To illustrate, four samples of festivals from the UK, Australia, Norway and
Sweden are systematically compared in terms of their ownership, governance, structure, and content.
Although the festivals offered a similar product and had similar mandates, they differed considerably in
terms of revenue sources, cost structure, use of volunteers, corporate sponsorship, and decision-making.
These differences are potentially important to destinations that view festivals as attractions and use
them in place marketing. Implications are drawn for festival management and tourism policy, and
recommendations are made for extending this line of inquiry to the tourism industry as a whole. | vi |
